By Mark Warner
March 1, 2007
Low-moisture carpet-cleaning technologies
are changing so rapidly that it has become difficult to keep up with all the
new developments. The chemistry and equipment are evolving at an increasingly
faster rate, creating incredible expectations and anticipation for what the
future might bring.
Since much of this technology is relatively
new, the greatest need is to increase the level of knowledge across the entire
industry, from the chemical and equipment manufacturers to the carpet mills and
professional cleaners (the Low Moisture Carpet Cleaners Association published a
White Paper in 2006 defining the basics of low-moisture cleaning to lay the
groundwork for assisting professionals in decisions regarding low-moisture
carpet cleaning methods and the optimum environments for their use.).
In a nutshell, the term “low-moisture
carpet cleaning” refers to methods and/or procedures that allow carpet fibers
to dry to their natural state in two hours or less. The key to low-moisture
carpet cleaning is to reduce the freestanding moisture in the carpet, enhancing
the carpet’s ability to dry very evenly and very quickly, eliminating large
spots created by pooled moisture and other problems associated with excess
moisture.
Essentially, low-moisture carpet cleaning
generally describes methods that clean with water at levels below the
saturation point of the fabric. When the fiber has reached its saturation
point, it cannot absorb more water. All additional water becomes freestanding
water, and can puddle on the backing or travel down beyond the backing onto the
subflooring and even into the subflooring.
Every carpet exists in a unique
environment, with variations in construction, installation, substrates,
traffic, soil levels, soil types, temperature, humidity and location. With this
in mind, we should assume one system is never optimal in all environments, yet
all systems can excel when used by a trained, skilled operator in the appropriate
setting. Proper training and complete understanding of the cleaning processes
and procedures is critically important. Let’s face it: without proper training
and knowledge, all carpet cleaning systems will fail.
Fueling this movement are the new carpet-cleaning
chemicals available today. These new encapsulation chemistries have re-ignited
interest in methods that were long questioned because they were known to leave
residues contributing to re-soiling. These new chemistries actually use the
residues as part of the cleaning process; they rely on the equipment for the
agitation, while the new chemicals help cause the soils to dry to a particulate
that allows them to be removed through vacuuming. In order to get a better
understanding of how low-moisture carpet cleaning systems work, we need to
start by understanding how the chemicals work.
The first chemistries used on early carpets
were merely soaps, not very different from what you might have used to wash
your face or hair. Because of the absorption of solution into the fiber, there
was always a case of chemical residue. In the early days, carpet-cleaning
chemicals were absolutely known re-soil quickly.
Next, manufacturers added a compound known
as Ludox, a wax-like substance thought to fill the grooves and crags in natural
fibers to prevent soil from being caught. It was an improvement; however, it
certainly did not solve the re-soiling problem. In fact, it brought on a host
of other problems related to the dirty slurry created during the cleaning process,
which was ultimately caught in the drying process. It caused the carpets to
loose their ability to refract light properly and the carpets would tend to
“ugly out” after repeated cleanings.
In the ’50s and ’60s we went through the
phase of detergent “encapsulation.” The chemicals would separate the dirt from
the fiber, encapsulate the soil, and either be allowed to dry out and then
vacuumed, absorbed into an absorbent media or be flushed out with extractors.
This was an improvement over the old soaps, and it did mark the start of
reducing re-soiling, but it didn’t eliminate the problem.
In the mid ’80s, chemists again sought to
improve the situation of re-soiling. The early solvents and surfactants were
liquids in their raw state, and as a result did not fully dry down beyond a
gelatin or tacky residue. The thought at the time was to add a component that
would force the chemical to dry down to a hard crystalline material.
Ultimately, it was thought that acrylic co-polymers (similar to floor finish)
could be added, causing the residues to dry to a hard acrylic shell around the
fiber and the soil. This hard shell would fracture under foot traffic and the
action of the beater bar of a vacuum cleaner, breaking away from the fiber and
falling toward the backing where it could be vacuumed away at a later date. It
was this technology that created terms like “acrylic co-polymer embrittlement
agents” and “crystallizing detergents.” The concept became very popular,
ultimately receiving praise and accolades like “true encapsulation cleaning.”
The potential negative aspect of the use of
acrylics revolves around the dirty slurry that is created during the cleaning
process. Obviously, some of this residue gets left behind in the fiber, and the
problem is that it is no longer clear, clean acrylic-laced detergent. It would
become more of an amber brown acrylic crystal created from mixing with soil
during the cleaning process. The obvious danger of this approach is that some
of the acrylic “shell” can be left on the fiber. Then, the bigger problem
becomes one of trying to “strip out” the residual acrylics without using
strippers, which would be deleterious to the carpet.
In the ’90s fluorocarbon chemistry was
introduced to carpet-cleaning chemicals; it has been referred to as
“second-generation encapsulation chemistry.” The concept was to leave a
Teflon-like substance behind on the fiber, causing dirt and soil to slide off
the fiber, like a fried egg slides off a frying pan. The concept had great
promise, but again there were some potential pitfalls. Also, the government had
some concerns surrounding the long-term health effects of fluorocarbons, a
debate that still rages.
On a more relevant note, many were found to
be hygroscopic, meaning that they attracted moisture from the atmosphere
(dampening the carpet in humid conditions), which in itself could easily
contribute to re-soiling. It is important to note, however, that it’s not
correct to state categorically that fluorochemicals cause re-soiling; it
depends a great deal on the quality and the quantity of the fluorocarbons being
used in the formulation.
Now, in the last few years, we have seen
some brand new chemistries evolving. These new chemistries – let’s call them
third-generation encapsulation chemistries – have rewritten many of the old
rules. The most intriguing concept is that many of them use entirely new
solvents and surfactants that actually dry down, along with the soils, into a
powder on their own, without the need for other additives like acrylic
co-polymer embrittlement agents. They are later vacuumed out as a dry soil.
These new chemicals literally strip all the soil and old residue off the carpet
fiber, leaving the fiber residue-free, much like the carpet fiber was when it
was new, and we all know how easy it is to vacuum soil out of new carpeting.
This is often referred to as “dehydration phase cleaning,” meaning the cleaning
process continues as the residues dry.
This means improvements can be achieved
with its use in all carpet-cleaning methods, including hot-water extraction;
rotary bonnet systems; foam shampooing; powder extraction; oscillating bonnet
systems; cylindrical bonnet systems; counter-rotating cylindrical brush
machines; and spot and stain removal operations, as well as sanitizer rinsing.
In almost every case, the machines are used to agitate the solution in the
carpet so the encapsulation process can capture the soil for removal at a later
date through vacuuming. In one case, cylindrical bonnets are actually
extraction-cleaned during their rotation.
In every case, the carpets appear very
clean after the operation, even though some of the soil is still in the carpet.
The soil left in the carpet dehydrates into a powder at the sub-surface level,
unseen by the naked eye. It is through thorough vacuuming that it is completely
removed.
There are many top-notch carpet-cleaning
chemicals on the market today, available from a multitude of manufacturers.
Unfortunately, the amount of junk on the market seriously outweighs the amount
of good stuff. It is difficult and expensive to build a high-quality
encapsulation product. Designing good encapsulation chemistry requires
extensive R&D and sophisticated manufacturing processes, and so the cost is
higher. The reality is, high-quality encapsulation products are expensive. This
is in part due to the use of high-quality ingredients that will not interfere
with the encapsulation process; overloading a chemical with cheap perfume oils
and improper blending of low-grade fluorocarbon technology will definitely
interfere with the encapsulation process (Note: This is not to be confused with
the use of trace amounts of high-quality, purpose-specific fragrance oils and
the proper use of high-grade fluorocarbon technology which may not interfere
with the encapsulation process at all.).
Professional using carpet-cleaning
chemistries may want to do some “bench chemistry,” testing on their own to make
decisions about products. Don’t just take anyone’s word on it when you can
actually do the tests yourself and form your own opinions. The results may
truly surprise you.
The use of low-moisture carpet cleaning
systems can increase the performance and appearance of the carpet, extend its
useful life, enhance the ability to service carpet and minimize the downtime.
Any way you look at it, it is a tool that should be considered by all
professional carpet cleaners.
So, let us help you reduce at least one item from your to-do list! VP Cleaning Services is a professional cleaning company with more than 10 years of experience in the business. We are insured and bonded, and offer our clients only the best service at the most affordable price. And to make you feel even more special, as this is our aim, we always work specifically to satisfy every cleaning need of each of our individual clients. In other words, we always work hard to light the sparkle in each individual home! After all, there is nothing that shines brighter during the holidays than a sparkling clean home!
